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累计收到港澳台地区通报确诊病例6623506例。其中,香港特别行政区411620例(出院83269例,死亡10106例),澳门特别行政区793例(出院787例,死亡6例),台湾地区6211093例(出院13742例,死亡10794例)。作(zuò)者(zhě):曹(cáo)家(jiā)齐(qí)((()国(guó)家(jiā)社(shè)科(kē)基(jī)金(jīn)项(xiàng)目(mù)“中(zhōng)国(guó)1(1)0(0)到(dào)1(1)4(4)世(shì)纪(jì)岭(lǐng)南(nán)之(zhī)经(jīng)略(lüè)及(jí)区(qū)域(yù)社(shè)会(huì)变(biàn)迁(qiān)研(yán)究(jiū)”负(fù)责(zé)人(rén)、中(zhōng)山(shān)大(dà)学(xué)历(lì)史(shǐ)学(xué)系(xì)教(jiào)授(shòu))())交(jiāo)通(tōng)是(shì)人(rén)类(lèi)生(shēng)存(cún)的(de)基(jī)本(běn)条(tiáo)件(jiàn)之(zhī)一(yī),也(yě)是(shì)人(rén)类(lèi)文(wén)明(míng)形(xíng)成(chéng)、发(fā)展(zhǎn)及(jí)文(wén)化(huà)交(jiāo)流(liú)的(de)重(zhòng)要(yào)标(biāo)志(zhì)和(hé)基(jī)础(chǔ)保(bǎo)障(zhàng)。国(guó)家(jiā)的(de)发(fā)展(zhǎn)与(yǔ)盛(shèng)衰(shuāi),尤(yóu)其(qí)体(tǐ)现(xiàn)在(zài)交(jiāo)通(tōng)的(de)建(jiàn)设(shè)与(yǔ)成(chéng)就(jiù)方(fāng)面(miàn)。中(zhōng)国(guó)是(shì)世(shì)界(jiè)文(wén)明(míng)古(gǔ)国(guó)之(zhī)一(yī),幅(fú)员(yuán)辽(liáo)阔(kuò),地(dì)形(xíng)复(fù)杂(zá),交(jiāo)通(tōng)发(fā)展(zhǎn)向(xiàng)来(lái)是(shì)水(shuǐ)陆(lù)并(bìng)举(jǔ),各(gè)有(yǒu)闻(wén)名(míng)世(shì)界(jiè)的(de)巨(jù)大(dà)成(chéng)就(jiù)。耕(gēng)种(zhǒng)土(tǔ)地(dì)是(shì)中(zhōng)国(guó)人(rén)生(shēng)存(cún)的(de)基(jī)本(běn)方(fāng)式(shì),陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)自(zì)古(gǔ)便(biàn)是(shì)重(zhòng)中(zhōng)之(zhī)重(zhòng),不(bù)仅(jǐn)与(yǔ)大(dà)运(yùn)河(hé)及(jí)江(jiāng)海(hǎi)航(háng)运(yùn)共(gòng)为(wèi)中(zhōng)国(guó)文(wén)明(míng)的(de)发(fā)展(zhǎn)标(biāo)识(shí),而(ér)且(qiě)在(zài)国(guó)家(jiā)治(zhì)理(lǐ)及(jí)内(nèi)外(wài)经(jīng)济(jì)文(wén)化(huà)交(jiāo)流(liú)中(zhōng)发(fā)挥(huī)着(zhe)突(tū)出(chū)作(zuò)用(yòng)。国(guó)家(jiā)经(jīng)略(lüè)中(zhōng)古(gǔ)代(dài)陆(lù)路(lù)格(gé)局(jú)的(de)演(yǎn)变(biàn)历(lì)程(chéng)陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)的(de)基(jī)本(běn)设(shè)施(shī)是(shì)道(dào)路(lù)与(yǔ)桥(qiáo)梁(liáng)等(děng),当(dāng)然(rán)又(yòu)以(yǐ)道(dào)路(lù)当(dāng)先(xiān)。《(《)释(shì)名(míng)》(》)解(jiě)释(shì)“道(dào)路(lù)”一(yī)名(míng)称(chēng):“道(dào),蹈(dǎo)也(yě);(;)路(lù),露(lù)也(yě),人(rén)所(suǒ)践(jiàn)蹈(dǎo)而(ér)露(lù)见(jiàn)也(yě)。”也(yě)就(jiù)是(shì)说(shuō),道(dào)路(lù)最(zuì)初(chū)是(shì)人(rén)走(zǒu)出(chū)来(lái)的(de)。随(suí)着(zhe)权(quán)力(lì)组(zǔ)织(zhī)的(de)形(xíng)成(chéng)及(jí)其(qí)势(shì)力(lì)扩(kuò)展(zhǎn),尤(yóu)其(qí)是(shì)国(guó)家(jiā)出(chū)于(yú)对(duì)地(dì)方(fāng)经(jīng)略(lüè)之(zhī)意(yì)图(tú),开(kāi)始(shǐ)出(chū)现(xiàn)有(yǒu)目(mù)的(de)、有(yǒu)计(jì)划(huà)的(de)道(dào)路(lù)开(kāi)辟(pì)与(yǔ)修(xiū)筑(zhù)。这(zhè)在(zài)中(zhōng)国(guó)历(lì)史(shǐ)上(shàng)最(zuì)为(wèi)突(tū)出(chū)。《(《)史(shǐ)记(jì)·(·)五(wǔ)帝(dì)本(běn)纪(jì)》(》)记(jì)载(zǎi),黄(huáng)帝(dì)成(chéng)为(wèi)部(bù)落(luò)首(shǒu)领(lǐng)后(hòu),向(xiàng)四(sì)方(fāng)“披(pī)山(shān)通(tōng)道(dào),未(wèi)尝(cháng)宁(níng)居(jū)”,基(jī)本(běn)呈(chéng)现(xiàn)自(zì)中(zhōng)原(yuán)向(xiàng)四(sì)周(zhōu)拓(tuò)展(zhǎn)的(de)交(jiāo)通(tōng)格(gé)局(jú)及(jí)初(chū)步(bù)历(lì)程(chéng)。后(hòu)又(yòu)有(yǒu)尧(yáo)舜(shùn)通(tōng)“四(sì)裔(yì)”,禹(yǔ)开(kāi)九(jiǔ)州(zhōu)、通(tōng)九(jiǔ)道(dào)之(zhī)说(shuō)。其(qí)中(zhōng)虽(suī)不(bù)免(miǎn)后(hòu)人(rén)建(jiàn)构(gòu)与(yǔ)传(chuán)说(shuō)成(chéng)分(fēn),但(dàn)中(zhōng)国(guó)早(zǎo)期(qī)陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)发(fā)展(zhǎn)态(tài)势(shì)基(jī)本(běn)如(rú)是(shì)。商(shāng)周(zhōu)时(shí)期(qī),道(dào)路(lù)范(fàn)围(wéi)日(rì)益(yì)广(guǎng)阔(kuò),北(běi)至(zhì)今(jīn)内(nèi)蒙(méng)古(gǔ)、河(hé)北(běi)张(zhāng)家(jiā)口(kǒu)、承(chéng)德(dé)地(dì)区(qū),南(nán)至(zhì)云(yún)南(nán)、广(guǎng)西(xī)北(běi)部(bù),西(xī)至(zhì)甘(gān)肃(sù)东(dōng)南(nán)部(bù)及(jí)四(sì)川(chuān)大(dà)部(bù),东(dōng)至(zhì)朝(cháo)鲜(xiān)半(bàn)岛(dǎo)及(jí)东(dōng)海(hǎi)沿(yán)岸(àn),以(yǐ)都(dōu)邑(yì)为(wèi)中(zhōng)心(xīn)的(de)交(jiāo)通(tōng)网(wǎng)络(luò)更(gèng)加(jiā)发(fā)达(dá)。其(qí)中(zhōng),因(yīn)中(zhōng)国(guó)地(dì)形(xíng)地(dì)貌(mào)而(ér)成(chéng)、奠(diàn)定(dìng)以(yǐ)后(hòu)两(liǎng)千(qiān)多(duō)年(nián)交(jiāo)通(tōng)格(gé)局(jú)的(de)主(zhǔ)干(gān)道(dào)基(jī)本(běn)成(chéng)形(xíng)。如(rú)太(tài)行(xíng)山(shān)两(liǎng)侧(cè)的(de)南(nán)北(běi)干(gān)线(xiàn)和(hé)东(dōng)西(xī)陉(xíng)道(dào)、渭(wèi)水(shuǐ)和(hé)黄(huáng)河(hé)两(liǎng)岸(àn)的(de)东(dōng)西(xī)道(dào)路(lù)、秦(qín)蜀(shǔ)栈(zhàn)道(dào)与(yǔ)通(tōng)云(yún)贵(guì)道(dào)路(lù)等(děng)。其(qí)中(zhōng)川(chuān)陕(shǎn)之(zhī)间(jiān)的(de)陈(chén)仓(cāng)故(gù)道(dào)、褒(bāo)斜(xié)道(dào)和(hé)金(jīn)牛(niú)道(dào)等(děng)著(zhù)名(míng)古(gǔ)道(dào)路(lù),在(zài)此(cǐ)时(shí)正(zhèng)式(shì)形(xíng)成(chéng)。秦(qín)始(shǐ)皇(huáng)统(tǒng)一(yī)六(liù)国(guó)后(hòu),为(wèi)了(le)加(jiā)强(qiáng)对(duì)各(gè)地(dì)的(de)治(zhì)理(lǐ),并(bìng)进(jìn)一(yī)步(bù)拓(tuò)展(zhǎn)疆(jiāng)域(yù),更(gèng)加(jiā)致(zhì)力(lì)于(yú)交(jiāo)通(tōng)网(wǎng)的(de)建(jiàn)设(shè)。在(zài)战(zhàn)国(guó)交(jiāo)通(tōng)的(de)基(jī)础(chǔ)上(shàng),“决(jué)通(tōng)川(chuān)防(fáng),夷(yí)去(qù)险(xiǎn)阻(zǔ)”,将(jiāng)各(gè)国(guó)道(dào)路(lù)整(zhěng)合(hé)成(chéng)全(quán)国(guó)规(guī)模(mó)的(de)交(jiāo)通(tōng)系(xì)统(tǒng)。其(qí)中(zhōng)最(zuì)具(jù)特(tè)色(sè)的(de)成(chéng)就(jiù)是(shì)开(kāi)始(shǐ)于(yú)公(gōng)元(yuán)前(qián)2(2)2(2)0(0)年(nián)的(de)驰(chí)道(dào)。这(zhè)项(xiàng)工(gōng)程(chéng)对(duì)全(quán)国(guó)主(zhǔ)要(yào)干(gān)道(dào)按(àn)一(yī)定(dìng)规(guī)制(zhì)修(xiū)筑(zhù),并(bìng)定(dìng)出(chū)通(tōng)行(xíng)禁(jìn)约(yuē)。关(guān)于(yú)驰(chí)道(dào)的(de)形(xíng)制(zhì),据(jù)《(《)汉(hàn)书(shū)》(》)记(jì)载(zǎi),宽(kuān)达(dá)五(wǔ)十(shí)步(bù),且(qiě)道(dào)旁(páng)种(zhǒng)有(yǒu)树(shù)木(mù)。另(lìng)外(wài),设(shè)置(zhì)象(xiàng)郡(jùn)、桂(guì)林(lín)、南(nán)海(hǎi)三(sān)郡(jùn),开(kāi)辟(pì)出(chū)通(tōng)往(wǎng)岭(lǐng)南(nán)地(dì)区(qū)的(de)水(shuǐ)陆(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)线(xiàn),亦(yì)是(shì)空(kōng)前(qián)之(zhī)成(chéng)就(jiù)。秦(qín)代(dài)形(xíng)成(chéng)的(de)道(dào)路(lù)在(zài)汉(hàn)代(dài)又(yòu)经(jīng)拓(tuò)展(zhǎn)完(wán)善(shàn),并(bìng)随(suí)疆(jiāng)土(tǔ)的(de)扩(kuò)大(dà)进(jìn)一(yī)步(bù)延(yán)伸(shēn),其(qí)中(zhōng)以(yǐ)汉(hàn)武(wǔ)帝(dì)时(shí)期(qī)的(de)成(chéng)就(jiù)最(zuì)为(wèi)突(tū)出(chū)。汉(hàn)武(wǔ)帝(dì)不(bù)仅(jǐn)经(jīng)略(lüè)西(xī)南(nán)夷(yí),凿(záo)山(shān)通(tōng)道(dào),而(ér)且(qiě)正(zhèng)式(shì)打(dǎ)通(tōng)沟(gōu)通(tōng)东(dōng)西(xī)文(wén)化(huà)的(de)丝(sī)绸(chóu)之(zhī)路(lù)。长(cháng)城(chéng)一(yī)线(xiàn)北(běi)边(biān)道(dào)也(yě)进(jìn)一(yī)步(bù)向(xiàng)东(dōng)西(xī)延(yán)展(zhǎn),自(zì)敦(dūn)煌(huáng)至(zhì)辽(liáo)东(dōng),已(yǐ)达(dá)“万(wàn)一(yī)千(qiān)五(wǔ)百(bǎi)余(yú)里(lǐ)”。江(jiāng)南(nán)道(dào)路(lù)建(jiàn)设(shè)亦(yì)有(yǒu)显(xiǎn)著(zhù)发(fā)展(zhǎn),东(dōng)汉(hàn)时(shí),卫(wèi)飒(sà)为(wèi)桂(guì)阳(yáng)太(tài)守(shǒu),“凿(záo)山(shān)五(wǔ)百(bǎi)余(yú)里(lǐ)”,从(cóng)而(ér)开(kāi)通(tōng)著(zhù)名(míng)的(de)零(líng)陵(líng)、桂(guì)阳(yáng)交(jiāo)通(tōng)干(gān)线(xiàn)。魏(wèi)晋(jìn)南(nán)北(běi)朝(cháo)时(shí)期(qī)是(shì)中(zhōng)国(guó)历(lì)史(shǐ)上(shàng)民(mín)族(zú)大(dà)迁(qiān)徙(xǐ)和(hé)大(dà)融(róng)合(hé)的(de)重(zhòng)要(yào)时(shí)期(qī)。其(qí)间(jiān),北(běi)方(fāng)地(dì)区(qū)因(yīn)战(zhàn)乱(luàn)和(hé)政(zhèng)权(quán)更(gèng)迭(dié),道(dào)路(lù)频(pín)遭(zāo)破(pò)坏(huài)与(yǔ)修(xiū)复(fù),又(yòu)因(yīn)各(gè)个(gè)政(zhèng)权(quán)的(de)建(jiàn)立(lì)临(lín)时(shí)形(xíng)成(chéng)了(le)平(píng)城(chéng)、洛(luò)阳(yáng)、邺(yè)城(chéng)、长(cháng)安(ān)等(děng)交(jiāo)通(tōng)中(zhōng)心(xīn)。在(zài)南(nán)方(fāng),伴(bàn)随(suí)经(jīng)济(jì)的(de)开(kāi)发(fā),开(kāi)河(hé)筑(zhù)堤(dī),围(wéi)海(hǎi)造(zào)田(tián),形(xíng)成(chéng)了(le)河(hé)堤(dī)路(lù)、塘(táng)堤(dī)路(lù)和(hé)海(hǎi)堤(dī)路(lù)等(děng),而(ér)连(lián)接(jiē)西(xī)南(nán)、中(zhōng)南(nán)的(de)古(gǔ)道(dào)亦(yì)得(dé)到(dào)整(zhěng)治(zhì)。隋(suí)唐(táng)时(shí)期(qī)是(shì)继(jì)两(liǎng)汉(hàn)以(yǐ)来(lái)又(yòu)一(yī)次(cì)大(dà)统(tǒng)一(yī)的(de)时(shí)代(dài),亦(yì)是(shì)中(zhōng)国(guó)陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)得(dé)到(dào)空(kōng)前(qián)发(fā)展(zhǎn)的(de)时(shí)代(dài)。南(nán)北(běi)道(dào)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)空(kōng)前(qián)加(jiā)强(qiáng),重(zhòng)要(yào)成(chéng)就(jiù)如(rú)大(dà)运(yùn)河(hé)的(de)开(kāi)凿(záo)及(jí)沿(yán)途(tú)驰(chí)道(dào)的(de)修(xiū)筑(zhù),大(dà)庾(yǔ)岭(lǐng)路(lù)的(de)开(kāi)凿(záo)使(shǐ)中(zhōng)国(guó)南(nán)北(běi)交(jiāo)通(tōng)重(zhòng)心(xīn)向(xiàng)东(dōng)转(zhuǎn)移(yí);(;)盛(shèng)唐(táng)疆(jiāng)域(yù)西(xī)越(yuè)巴(bā)尔(ěr)喀(kā)什(shén)湖(hú),东(dōng)北(běi)达(dá)黑(hēi)龙(lóng)江(jiāng)以(yǐ)北(běi)外(wài)兴(xīng)安(ān)岭(lǐng)一(yī)带(dài),使(shǐ)西(xī)北(běi)与(yǔ)东(dōng)北(běi)陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)进(jìn)一(yī)步(bù)向(xiàng)外(wài)拓(tuò)展(zhǎn),不(bù)仅(jǐn)陆(lù)上(shàng)丝(sī)绸(chóu)之(zhī)路(lù)达(dá)到(dào)中(zhōng)国(guó)历(lì)史(shǐ)上(shàng)的(de)黄(huáng)金(jīn)时(shí)代(dài),东(dōng)北(běi)的(de)渤(bó)海(hǎi)道(dào)路(lù)更(gèng)加(jiā)畅(chàng)通(tōng),而(ér)且(qiě)开(kāi)辟(pì)出(chū)向(xiàng)北(běi)的(de)参(cān)天(tiān)可(kě)汗(hàn)道(dào)和(hé)与(yǔ)吐(tǔ)蕃(fān)交(jiāo)往(wǎng)的(de)唐(táng)蕃(fān)大(dà)道(dào)。五(wǔ)代(dài)、宋(sòng)、辽(liáo)、西(xī)夏(xià)、金(jīn)时(shí)期(qī),中(zhōng)国(guó)境(jìng)内(nèi)多(duō)个(gè)政(zhèng)权(quán)分(fēn)立(lì),隋(suí)唐(táng)时(shí)期(qī)全(quán)国(guó)一(yī)体(tǐ)的(de)交(jiāo)通(tōng)格(gé)局(jú)被(bèi)打(dǎ)破(pò),陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)出(chū)现(xiàn)新(xīn)的(de)态(tài)势(shì)。整(zhěng)个(gè)中(zhōng)国(guó)的(de)交(jiāo)通(tōng)重(zhòng)心(xīn)先(xiān)是(shì)东(dōng)移(yí)到(dào)开(kāi)封(fēng),继(jì)而(ér)南(nán)移(yí)到(dào)杭(háng)州(zhōu),全(quán)国(guó)交(jiāo)通(tōng)格(gé)局(jú)发(fā)生(shēng)很(hěn)大(dà)变(biàn)化(huà)。在(zài)此(cǐ)背(bèi)景(jǐng)下(xià),宋(sòng)朝(cháo)境(jìng)内(nèi)的(de)南(nán)北(běi)陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)进(jìn)一(yī)步(bù)畅(chàng)通(tōng),陆(lù)路(lù)对(duì)外(wài)交(jiāo)通(tōng)则(zé)因(yīn)海(hǎi)上(shàng)交(jiāo)通(tōng)的(de)空(kōng)前(qián)发(fā)达(dá)而(ér)有(yǒu)所(suǒ)萎(wěi)缩(suō)。值(zhí)得(dé)注(zhù)意(yì)的(de)是(shì),因(yīn)为(wèi)商(shāng)品(pǐn)经(jīng)济(jì)的(de)发(fā)达(dá),民(mín)间(jiān)开(kāi)辟(pì)且(qiě)免(miǎn)征(zhēng)商(shāng)税(shuì)的(de)私(sī)路(lù)普(pǔ)遍(biàn)见(jiàn)于(yú)文(wén)献(xiàn),形(xíng)成(chéng)与(yǔ)官(guān)路(lù)对(duì)应(yìng)的(de)道(dào)路(lù)种(zhǒng)类(lèi)。官(guān)路(lù)体(tǐ)系(xì)下(xià),用(yòng)于(yú)沟(gōu)通(tōng)中(zhōng)央(yāng)与(yǔ)地(dì)方(fāng)联(lián)系(xì)的(de)道(dào)路(lù)中(zhōng),驿(yì)路(lù)与(yǔ)县(xiàn)路(lù)之(zhī)别(bié),亦(yì)正(zhèng)式(shì)制(zhì)度(dù)化(huà)。元(yuán)朝(cháo)的(de)大(dà)统(tǒng)一(yī),扫(sǎo)除(chú)了(le)原(yuán)来(lái)金(jīn)、宋(sòng)、西(xī)夏(xià)等(děng)政(zhèng)权(quán)之(zhī)间(jiān)的(de)疆(jiāng)界(jiè),其(qí)疆(jiāng)域(yù)较(jiào)汉(hàn)、唐(táng)盛(shèng)时(shí)也(yě)更(gèng)为(wèi)辽(liáo)阔(kuò)。元(yuán)朝(cháo)针(zhēn)对(duì)每(měi)一(yī)个(gè)统(tǒng)治(zhì)区(qū),都(dōu)采(cǎi)用(yòng)开(kāi)通(tōng)驿(yì)路(lù)、设(shè)置(zhì)驿(yì)站(zhàn)的(de)办(bàn)法(fǎ)。这(zhè)一(yī)时(shí)期(qī),中(zhōng)国(guó)的(de)交(jiāo)通(tōng)格(gé)局(jú)又(yòu)为(wèi)之(zhī)一(yī)变(biàn)。与(yǔ)水(shuǐ)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)中(zhōng)正(zhèng)式(shì)形(xíng)成(chéng)京(jīng)杭(háng)大(dà)运(yùn)河(hé)以(yǐ)及(jí)海(hǎi)运(yùn)空(kōng)前(qián)繁(fán)盛(shèng)的(de)成(chéng)就(jiù)并(bìng)举(jǔ),陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)以(yǐ)大(dà)都(dōu)为(wèi)中(zhōng)心(xīn),向(xiàng)各(gè)个(gè)行(xíng)省(shěng)和(hé)统(tǒng)治(zhì)区(qū)延(yán)伸(shēn),尤(yóu)其(qí)是(shì)向(xiàng)东(dōng)北(běi)、西(xī)北(běi)、西(xī)南(nán)方(fāng)向(xiàng)延(yán)伸(shēn)更(gèng)广(guǎng)。明(míng)代(dài)基(jī)本(běn)承(chéng)袭(xí)了(le)元(yuán)代(dài)的(de)陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)格(gé)局(jú),只(zhī)是(shì)一(yī)直(zhí)存(cún)在(zài)南(nán)京(jīng)和(hé)北(běi)京(jīng)两(liǎng)个(gè)交(jiāo)通(tōng)中(zhōng)心(xīn)。清(qīng)代(dài)道(dào)路(lù)虽(suī)因(yīn)承(chéng)前(qián)代(dài)格(gé)局(jú),以(yǐ)北(běi)京(jīng)为(wèi)中(zhōng)心(xīn)向(xiàng)四(sì)周(zhōu)辐(fú)射(shè),达(dá)于(yú)各(gè)省(shěng)省(shěng)城(chéng),但(dàn)根(gēn)据(jù)驿(yì)站(zhàn)设(shè)置(zhì)状(zhuàng)况(kuàng),将(jiāng)交(jiāo)通(tōng)干(gān)线(xiàn)称(chēng)为(wèi)官(guān)马(mǎ)大(dà)道(dào),简(jiǎn)称(chēng)官(guān)路(lù),各(gè)省(shěng)之(zhī)间(jiān)相(xiāng)通(tōng)及(jí)各(gè)省(shěng)内(nèi)修(xiū)筑(zhù)的(de)支(zhī)线(xiàn),称(chēng)为(wèi)大(dà)路(lù)。官(guān)路(lù)和(hé)大(dà)路(lù),均(jūn)为(wèi)当(dāng)时(shí)重(zhòng)要(yào)的(de)官(guān)文(wén)书(shū)传(chuán)递(dì)、军(jūn)事(shì)行(xíng)动(dòng)以(yǐ)及(jí)通(tōng)商(shāng)的(de)路(lù)线(xiàn)。在(zài)现(xiàn)代(dài)钻(zuàn)山(shān)和(hé)建(jiàn)桥(qiáo)技(jì)术(shù)出(chū)现(xiàn)之(zhī)前(qián),陆(lù)上(shàng)交(jiāo)通(tōng)路(lù)线(xiàn)不(bù)得(dé)不(bù)迁(qiān)就(jiù)于(yú)山(shān)川(chuān)地(dì)理(lǐ),非(fēi)平(píng)原(yuán)地(dì)带(dài),多(duō)是(shì)顺(shùn)山(shān)谷(gǔ)、河(hé)谷(gǔ)而(ér)行(xíng),山(shān)谷(gǔ)、河(hé)谷(gǔ)尽(jìn)头(tóu),亦(yì)多(duō)是(shì)盘(pán)山(shān)绕(rào)行(xíng)。因(yīn)此(cǐ)中(zhōng)国(guó)历(lì)史(shǐ)上(shàng),陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)干(gān)线(xiàn)往(wǎng)往(wǎng)会(huì)维(wéi)持(chí)较(jiào)久(jiǔ)的(de)时(shí)间(jiān),整(zhěng)体(tǐ)上(shàng)不(bù)会(huì)有(yǒu)大(dà)的(de)变(biàn)化(huà)。到(dào)了(le)近(jìn)现(xiàn)代(dài),尤(yóu)其(qí)是(shì)改(gǎi)革(gé)开(kāi)放(fàng)以(yǐ)后(hòu),随(suí)着(zhe)中(zhōng)国(guó)经(jīng)济(jì)的(de)迅(xùn)猛(měng)发(fā)展(zhǎn)和(hé)科(kē)技(jì)的(de)进(jìn)步(bù),陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)很(hěn)大(dà)程(chéng)度(dù)上(shàng)突(tū)破(pò)了(le)山(shān)川(chuān)地(dì)理(lǐ)之(zhī)限(xiàn)。通(tōng)过(guò)隧(suì)道(dào)、架(jià)桥(qiáo)等(děng)技(jì)术(shù)手(shǒu)段(duàn),变(biàn)天(tiān)堑(qiàn)为(wèi)通(tōng)途(tú),已(yǐ)是(shì)当(dāng)今(jīn)交(jiāo)通(tōng)建(jiàn)设(shè)之(zhī)壮(zhuàng)景(jǐng)。陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)在(zài)维(wéi)持(chí)国(guó)家(jiā)秩(zhì)序(xù)和(hé)传(chuán)播(bō)中(zhōng)华(huá)文(wén)化(huà)中(zhōng)的(de)作(zuò)用(yòng)道(dào)路(lù)虽(suī)然(rán)是(shì)交(jiāo)通(tōng)的(de)基(jī)本(běn)条(tiáo)件(jiàn),但(dàn)要(yào)使(shǐ)其(qí)发(fā)挥(huī)维(wéi)持(chí)国(guó)家(jiā)秩(zhì)序(xù)及(jí)文(wén)化(huà)交(jiāo)流(liú)的(de)作(zuò)用(yòng),须(xū)有(yǒu)制(zhì)度(dù)予(yǔ)以(yǐ)保(bǎo)障(zhàng)。此(cǐ)制(zhì)度(dù)在(zài)中(zhōng)国(guó)历(lì)史(shǐ)上(shàng)便(biàn)是(shì)驿(yì)传(chuán)。驿(yì)传(chuán)可(kě)谓(wèi)是(shì)中(zhōng)国(guó)历(lì)史(shǐ)上(shàng)最(zuì)具(jù)特(tè)色(sè)的(de)交(jiāo)通(tōng)制(zhì)度(dù),亦(yì)是(shì)中(zhōng)国(guó)制(zhì)度(dù)文(wén)明(míng)的(de)重(zhòng)要(yào)标(biāo)志(zhì)。驿(yì)传(chuán)制(zhì)度(dù)一(yī)般(bān)包(bāo)括(kuò)两(liǎng)个(gè)系(xì)统(tǒng),一(yī)是(shì)维(wéi)持(chí)政(zhèng)令(lìng)等(děng)信(xìn)息(xī)及(jí)小(xiǎo)件(jiàn)物(wù)货(huò)传(chuán)递(dì)的(de)系(xì)统(tǒng),史(shǐ)书(shū)上(shàng)多(duō)称(chēng)为(wèi)“驿(yì)”;(;)一(yī)是(shì)接(jiē)待(dài)公(gōng)差(chà)人(rén)员(yuán)往(wǎng)来(lái),提(tí)供(gòng)交(jiāo)通(tōng)工(gōng)具(jù)及(jí)食(shí)宿(sù)服(fú)务(wù)的(de)系(xì)统(tǒng),史(shǐ)书(shū)上(shàng)多(duō)称(chēng)为(wèi)“传(chuán)”。由(yóu)于(yú)两(liǎng)个(gè)系(xì)统(tǒng)往(wǎng)往(wǎng)会(huì)在(zài)相(xiāng)同(tóng)的(de)道(dào)路(lù)上(shàng)设(shè)置(zhì),故(gù)在(zài)历(lì)史(shǐ)上(shàng)经(jīng)常(cháng)是(shì)分(fēn)合(hé)不(bù)定(dìng),纠(jiū)结(jié)不(bù)清(qīng),且(qiě)名(míng)称(chēng)多(duō)样(yàng)。但(dàn)众(zhòng)人(rén)皆(jiē)知(zhī)的(de)“驿(yì)站(zhàn)”之(zhī)名(míng)实(shí)际(jì)上(shàng)从(cóng)蒙(méng)元(yuán)时(shí)期(qī)才(cái)有(yǒu)。从(cóng)先(xiān)秦(qín)到(dào)明(míng)清(qīng)时(shí)期(qī)的(de)驿(yì)传(chuán)制(zhì)度(dù),都(dōu)是(shì)在(zài)没(méi)有(yǒu)现(xiàn)代(dài)机(jī)动(dòng)交(jiāo)通(tōng)技(jì)术(shù)的(de)条(tiáo)件(jiàn)下(xià)维(wéi)持(chí)政(zhèng)令(lìng)传(chuán)布(bù)、人(rén)员(yuán)和(hé)物(wù)货(huò)流(liú)通(tōng)等(děng)国(guó)家(jiā)秩(zhì)序(xù)的(de)交(jiāo)通(tōng)建(jiàn)置(zhì)。到(dào)了(le)近(jìn)代(dài),随(suí)着(zhe)交(jiāo)通(tōng)技(jì)术(shù)的(de)进(jìn)步(bù),尤(yóu)其(qí)是(shì)电(diàn)信(xìn)技(jì)术(shù)的(de)出(chū)现(xiàn),传(chuán)统(tǒng)的(de)驿(yì)传(chuán)制(zhì)度(dù)不(bù)再(zài)适(shì)应(yìng)时(shí)代(dài)需(xū)要(yào),必(bì)然(rán)退(tuì)出(chū)历(lì)史(shǐ)舞(wǔ)台(tái)。光(guāng)绪(xù)三(sān)十(shí)二(èr)年(nián)((()1(1)9(9)0(0)6(6)年(nián))()),清(qīng)政(zhèng)府(fǔ)设(shè)置(zhì)邮(yóu)传(chuán)部(bù),统(tǒng)一(yī)管(guǎn)理(lǐ)水(shuǐ)运(yùn)、铁(tiě)路(lù)、邮(yóu)电(diàn)和(hé)道(dào)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng),驿(yì)传(chuán)的(de)作(zuò)用(yòng)日(rì)渐(jiàn)消(xiāo)失(shī)。1(1)9(9)1(1)3(3)年(nián),北(běi)洋(yáng)政(zhèng)府(fǔ)宣(xuān)布(bù),将(jiāng)驿(yì)站(zhàn)全(quán)部(bù)裁(cái)撤(chè),其(qí)功(gōng)能(néng)逐(zhú)渐(jiàn)被(bèi)新(xīn)出(chū)现(xiàn)的(de)车(chē)站(zhàn)、邮(yóu)局(jú)、旅(lǚ)馆(guǎn)所(suǒ)取(qǔ)代(dài)。中(zhōng)国(guó)历(lì)史(shǐ)上(shàng)通(tōng)达(dá)各(gè)地(dì)的(de)道(dào)路(lù)及(jí)其(qí)上(shàng)设(shè)置(zhì)的(de)驿(yì)传(chuán)制(zhì)度(dù),不(bù)仅(jǐn)本(běn)身(shēn)就(jiù)是(shì)中(zhōng)华(huá)文(wén)明(míng)的(de)重(zhòng)要(yào)内(nèi)容(róng),而(ér)且(qiě)在(zài)中(zhōng)华(huá)文(wén)化(huà)传(chuán)统(tǒng)以(yǐ)及(jí)中(zhōng)华(huá)民(mín)族(zú)多(duō)元(yuán)一(yī)体(tǐ)格(gé)局(jú)的(de)形(xíng)成(chéng)中(zhōng),发(fā)挥(huī)着(zhe)保(bǎo)障(zhàng)作(zuò)用(yòng)。综(zōng)观(guān)中(zhōng)国(guó)文(wén)化(huà)传(chuán)统(tǒng),思(sī)想(xiǎng)、制(zhì)度(dù)、艺(yì)术(shù)、学(xué)术(shù)、民(mín)族(zú)认(rèn)同(tóng),乃(nǎi)至(zhì)整(zhěng)个(gè)生(shēng)存(cún)结(jié)构(gòu)的(de)形(xíng)成(chéng),都(dōu)是(shì)在(zài)不(bù)断(duàn)交(jiāo)往(wǎng)、交(jiāo)流(liú)中(zhōng)进(jìn)行(xíng),其(qí)重(zhòng)要(yào)依(yī)托(tuō)便(biàn)是(shì)交(jiāo)通(tōng),特(tè)别(bié)是(shì)陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)。如(rú)先(xiān)秦(qín)诸(zhū)子(zǐ)百(bǎi)家(jiā)思(sī)想(xiǎng)是(shì)诸(zhū)子(zǐ)们(men)在(zài)周(zhōu)游(yóu)列(liè)国(guó)过(guò)程(chéng)中(zhōng)的(de)政(zhèng)治(zhì)实(shí)践(jiàn)和(hé)交(jiāo)流(liú)辩(biàn)难(nán)中(zhōng)成(chéng)形(xíng)的(de),其(qí)中(zhōng)的(de)保(bǎo)障(zhàng)条(tiáo)件(jiàn)主(zhǔ)要(yào)就(jiù)是(shì)依(yī)车(chē)马(mǎ)而(ér)行(xíng)的(de)陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)。国(guó)家(jiā)秩(zhì)序(xù)的(de)维(wéi)持(chí)、稳(wěn)定(dìng),尤(yóu)其(qí)是(shì)政(zhèng)令(lìng)布(bù)达(dá)、军(jūn)队(duì)调(tiáo)遣(qiǎn)、官(guān)员(yuán)赴(fù)离(lí)及(jí)内(nèi)外(wài)经(jīng)济(jì)文(wén)化(huà)交(jiāo)流(liú),更(gèng)是(shì)依(yī)赖(lài)通(tōng)畅(chàng)的(de)道(dào)路(lù)及(jí)设(shè)于(yú)其(qí)上(shàng)的(de)驿(yì)传(chuán)制(zhì)度(dù)。此(cǐ)间(jiān)不(bù)仅(jǐn)道(dào)理(lǐ)甚(shèn)为(wèi)明(míng)了(le),更(gèng)有(yǒu)许(xǔ)许(xǔ)多(duō)多(duō)的(de)生(shēng)动(dòng)事(shì)例(lì)载(zǎi)于(yú)史(shǐ)书(shū)。《(《)史(shǐ)记(jì)》(》)记(jì)载(zǎi),东(dōng)方(fāng)徐(xú)偃(yǎn)王(wáng)叛(pàn)乱(luàn),西(xī)行(xíng)的(de)周(zhōu)穆(mù)王(wáng)得(dé)知(zhī)后(hòu)“长(cháng)驱(qū)归(guī)周(zhōu),一(yī)日(rì)千(qiān)里(lǐ)以(yǐ)救(jiù)乱(luàn)”,然(rán)后(hòu)“日(rì)驰(chí)千(qiān)里(lǐ)马(mǎ),攻(gōng)徐(xú)偃(yǎn)王(wáng),大(dà)破(pò)之(zhī)”。此(cǐ)记(jì)载(zǎi)虽(suī)不(bù)免(miǎn)夸(kuā)张(zhāng),但(dàn)透(tòu)露(lù)出(chū)两(liǎng)个(gè)史(shǐ)实(shí):一(yī)是(shì)徐(xú)偃(yǎn)王(wáng)变(biàn)乱(luàn)的(de)消(xiāo)息(xī)很(hěn)快(kuài)传(chuán)到(dào)身(shēn)在(zài)极(jí)西(xī)之(zhī)地(dì)的(de)周(zhōu)穆(mù)王(wáng)处(chù);(;)二(èr)是(shì)周(zhōu)穆(mù)王(wáng)快(kuài)速(sù)返(fǎn)回(huí)宗(zōng)周(zhōu),又(yòu)快(kuài)速(sù)向(xiàng)东(dōng)击(jī)破(pò)徐(xú)偃(yǎn)王(wáng)。其(qí)前(qián)提(tí)条(tiáo)件(jiàn)必(bì)须(xū)是(shì)道(dào)路(lù)的(de)平(píng)直(zhí)畅(chàng)通(tōng)及(jí)驿(yì)传(chuán)制(zhì)度(dù)的(de)高(gāo)效(xiào)。这(zhè)说(shuō)明(míng),在(zài)西(xī)周(zhōu)时(shí)东(dōng)西(xī)陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)已(yǐ)经(jīng)比(bǐ)较(jiào)便(biàn)利(lì)。如(rú)果(guǒ)说(shuō)周(zhōu)穆(mù)王(wáng)西(xī)行(xíng)及(jí)快(kuài)速(sù)平(píng)定(dìng)徐(xú)偃(yǎn)王(wáng)变(biàn)乱(luàn)的(de)故(gù)事(shì)带(dài)有(yǒu)一(yī)定(dìng)的(de)神(shén)奇(qí)色(sè)彩(cǎi)及(jí)夸(kuā)张(zhāng)成(chéng)分(fēn),那(nà)么(me)到(dào)了(le)汉(hàn)代(dài),张(zhāng)骞(qiān)凿(záo)空(kōng)西(xī)域(yù)与(yǔ)陆(lù)上(shàng)中(zhōng)西(xī)陆(lù)路(lù)通(tōng)道(dào)的(de)形(xíng)成(chéng),则(zé)是(shì)有(yǒu)充(chōng)分(fēn)史(shǐ)实(shí)依(yī)据(jù)及(jí)历(lì)史(shǐ)文(wén)化(huà)意(yì)义(yì)的(de)事(shì)件(jiàn)。公(gōng)元(yuán)前(qián)1(1)3(3)8(8)年(nián),张(zhāng)骞(qiān)出(chū)使(shǐ)西(xī)域(yù),过(guò)匈(xiōng)奴(nú)、大(dà)宛(wǎn)、康(kāng)居(jū)诸(zhū)国(guó),历(lì)十(shí)余(yú)载(zǎi)才(cái)最(zuì)终(zhōng)返(fǎn)回(huí)长(cháng)安(ān)。汉(hàn)武(wǔ)帝(dì)得(dé)到(dào)张(zhāng)骞(qiān)的(de)汇(huì)报(bào)后(hòu),连(lián)续(xù)派(pài)兵(bīng)进(jìn)击(jī)匈(xiōng)奴(nú),控(kòng)制(zhì)了(le)河(hé)西(xī)地(dì)区(qū),打(dǎ)通(tōng)了(le)通(tōng)往(wǎng)西(xī)域(yù)的(de)走(zǒu)廊(láng),并(bìng)将(jiāng)匈(xiōng)奴(nú)王(wáng)庭(tíng)驱(qū)逐(zhú)出(chū)漠(mò)南(nán)。为(wèi)了(le)进(jìn)一(yī)步(bù)打(dǎ)破(pò)匈(xiōng)奴(nú)对(duì)西(xī)域(yù)的(de)控(kòng)制(zhì),汉(hàn)武(wǔ)帝(dì)又(yòu)派(pài)张(zhāng)骞(qiān)第(dì)二(èr)次(cì)出(chū)使(shǐ)西(xī)域(yù),从(cóng)此(cǐ),汉(hàn)与(yǔ)西(xī)域(yù)的(de)关(guān)系(xì)日(rì)益(yì)密(mì)切(qiè),汉(hàn)朝(cháo)频(pín)繁(fán)派(pài)使(shǐ)者(zhě)前(qián)往(wǎng)西(xī)域(yù)诸(zhū)国(guó)。使(shǐ)者(zhě)之(zhī)外(wài),更(gèng)有(yǒu)不(bù)少(shǎo)商(shāng)人(rén)行(xíng)经(jīng)汉(hàn)与(yǔ)西(xī)域(yù)之(zhī)间(jiān),以(yǐ)献(xiàn)为(wèi)名(míng),通(tōng)货(huò)市(shì)买(mǎi)。为(wèi)保(bǎo)障(zhàng)使(shǐ)团(tuán)和(hé)商(shāng)人(rén)往(wǎng)来(lái)的(de)安(ān)全(quán),汉(hàn)朝(cháo)于(yú)道(dào)路(lù)之(zhī)上(shàng)大(dà)量(liáng)设(shè)置(zhì)亭(tíng)障(zhàng)和(hé)烽(fēng)墩(dūn)。公(gōng)元(yuán)前(qián)6(6)0(0)年(nián),汉(hàn)朝(cháo)设(shè)置(zhì)西(xī)域(yù)都(dōu)护(hù)。由(yóu)此(cǐ)推(tuī)测(cè),长(cháng)安(ān)与(yǔ)西(xī)域(yù)都(dōu)护(hù)之(zhī)间(jiān)的(de)道(dào)路(lù)之(zhī)上(shàng),一(yī)定(dìng)也(yě)有(yǒu)较(jiào)为(wèi)完(wán)备(bèi)的(de)驿(yì)传(chuán)。张(zhāng)骞(qiān)所(suǒ)促(cù)成(chéng)的(de)连(lián)通(tōng)西(xī)域(yù)的(de)道(dào)路(lù),因(yīn)其(qí)突(tū)出(chū)的(de)商(shāng)贸(mào)与(yǔ)文(wén)化(huà)交(jiāo)流(liú)功(gōng)能(néng),在(zài)十(shí)九(jiǔ)世(shì)纪(jì)被(bèi)德(dé)国(guó)地(dì)理(lǐ)学(xué)家(jiā)李(lǐ)希(xī)霍(huò)芬(fēn)称(chēng)作(zuò)“丝(sī)绸(chóu)之(zhī)路(lù)”,成(chéng)为(wèi)世(shì)界(jiè)文(wén)化(huà)历(lì)史(shǐ)上(shàng)著(zhù)名(míng)的(de)创(chuàng)举(jǔ)和(hé)成(chéng)就(jiù)。有(yǒu)学(xué)者(zhě)认(rèn)为(wèi),丝(sī)绸(chóu)之(zhī)路(lù)的(de)开(kāi)通(tōng)对(duì)于(yú)中(zhōng)国(guó)历(lì)史(shǐ)的(de)重(zhòng)要(yào)性(xìng),绝(jué)不(bù)亚(yà)于(yú)美(měi)洲(zhōu)之(zhī)发(fā)现(xiàn)对(duì)于(yú)欧(ōu)洲(zhōu)历(lì)史(shǐ)的(de)重(zhòng)要(yào)。丝(sī)绸(chóu)之(zhī)路(lù)在(zài)中(zhōng)外(wài)文(wén)化(huà)交(jiāo)流(liú)上(shàng)的(de)作(zuò)用(yòng)是(shì)非(fēi)常(cháng)突(tū)出(chū)的(de),特(tè)别(bié)是(shì)隋(suí)唐(táng),达(dá)到(dào)了(le)最(zuì)为(wèi)辉(huī)煌(huáng)的(de)时(shí)期(qī)。汉(hàn)代(dài)还(hái)致(zhì)力(lì)于(yú)开(kāi)拓(tuò)由(yóu)蜀(shǔ)地(dì)经(jīng)身(shēn)毒(dú)通(tōng)大(dà)夏(xià)道(dào)路(lù)的(de)努(nǔ)力(lì)。汉(hàn)武(wǔ)帝(dì)出(chū)兵(bīng)西(xī)南(nán)夷(yí),开(kāi)拓(tuò)置(zhì)郡(jùn),到(dào)汉(hàn)和(hé)帝(dì)时(shí),完(wán)全(quán)打(dǎ)通(tōng)了(le)滇(diān)缅(miǎn)道(dào)路(lù)。这(zhè)条(tiáo)通(tōng)过(guò)蜀(shǔ)地(dì)向(xiàng)南(nán)通(tōng)往(wǎng)外(wài)部(bù)的(de)道(dào)路(lù),被(bèi)当(dāng)代(dài)学(xué)者(zhě)称(chēng)为(wèi)“西(xī)南(nán)丝(sī)绸(chóu)之(zhī)路(lù)”。在(zài)唐(táng)宋(sòng)时(shí)期(qī),这(zhè)一(yī)通(tōng)道(dào)从(cóng)开(kāi)封(fēng)、洛(luò)阳(yáng)、长(cháng)安(ān)一(yī)线(xiàn)出(chū)发(fā),向(xiàng)西(xī)南(nán)有(yǒu)三(sān)条(tiáo)路(lù)分(fēn)别(bié)抵(dǐ)达(dá)洋(yáng)州(zhōu)、兴(xīng)元(yuán)府(fǔ)和(hé)兴(xīng)州(zhōu),再(zài)汇(huì)集(jí)一(yī)途(tú)入(rù)利(lì)州(zhōu),又(yòu)分(fēn)别(bié)经(jīng)绵(mián)州(zhōu)和(hé)阆(láng)州(zhōu)入(rù)成(chéng)都(dōu),然(rán)后(hòu)再(zài)自(zì)成(chéng)都(dōu)分(fēn)两(liǎng)路(lù)向(xiàng)南(nán),分(fēn)别(bié)经(jīng)戎(róng)州(zhōu)和(hé)黎(lí)州(zhōu)至(zhì)善(shàn)阐(chǎn)府(fǔ)和(hé)大(dà)理(lǐ),向(xiàng)西(xī)则(zé)进(jìn)入(rù)蒲(pú)甘(gān)、天(tiān)竺(zhú)等(děng)地(dì),向(xiàng)东(dōng)则(zé)连(lián)通(tōng)广(guǎng)西(xī)和(hé)交(jiāo)趾(zhǐ),构(gòu)成(chéng)一(yī)个(gè)中(zhōng)原(yuán)连(lián)通(tōng)西(xī)南(nán)地(dì)区(qū)的(de)陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)网(wǎng)。这(zhè)个(gè)交(jiāo)通(tōng)网(wǎng)的(de)主(zhǔ)要(yào)功(gōng)能(néng),以(yǐ)贡(gòng)使(shǐ)往(wǎng)来(lái)、茶(chá)马(mǎ)贸(mào)易(yì)和(hé)民(mín)间(jiān)贸(mào)易(yì)为(wèi)主(zhǔ)。但(dàn)其(qí)上(shàng)设(shè)置(zhì)的(de)驿(yì)传(chuán)系(xì)统(tǒng)亦(yì)发(fā)挥(huī)着(zhe)很(hěn)高(gāo)的(de)效(xiào)率(lǜ)。其(qí)中(zhōng)最(zuì)为(wèi)生(shēng)动(dòng)的(de)事(shì)例(lì)便(biàn)是(shì)急(jí)运(yùn)荔(lì)枝(zhī)至(zhì)长(cháng)安(ān)等(děng)地(dì)。经(jīng)由(yóu)这(zhè)一(yī)南(nán)北(běi)交(jiāo)通(tōng)线(xiàn)将(jiāng)荔(lì)枝(zhī)快(kuài)速(sù)运(yùn)至(zhì)关(guān)中(zhōng),唐(táng)之(zhī)前(qián)早(zǎo)有(yǒu)其(qí)例(lì),但(dàn)其(qí)事(shì)最(zuì)为(wèi)生(shēng)动(dòng)、最(zuì)有(yǒu)影(yǐng)响(xiǎng)者(zhě),莫(mò)过(guò)于(yú)唐(táng)玄(xuán)宗(zōng)以(yǐ)驿(yì)传(chuán)机(jī)构(gòu)为(wèi)其(qí)宠(chǒng)爱(ài)的(de)杨(yáng)贵(guì)妃(fēi)急(jí)运(yùn)南(nán)方(fāng)新(xīn)鲜(xiān)荔(lì)枝(zhī)了(le)。杨(yáng)贵(guì)妃(fēi)嗜(shì)食(shí)新(xīn)鲜(xiān)荔(lì)枝(zhī),玄(xuán)宗(zōng)为(wèi)表(biǎo)达(dá)对(duì)她(tā)的(de)宠(chǒng)爱(ài),“乃(nǎi)置(zhì)骑(qí)传(chuán)送(sòng),走(zǒu)数(shù)千(qiān)里(lǐ),味(wèi)未(wèi)变(biàn)已(yǐ)至(zhì)京(jīng)师(shī)”。杜(dù)牧(mù)的(de)名(míng)句(jù)“一(yī)骑(qí)红(hóng)尘(chén)妃(fēi)子(zǐ)笑(xiào),无(wú)人(rén)知(zhī)是(shì)荔(lì)枝(zhī)来(lái)”便(biàn)是(shì)描(miáo)述(shù)此(cǐ)事(shì)。不(bù)少(shǎo)人(rén)觉(jué)得(dé),荔(lì)枝(zhī)应(yìng)是(shì)由(yóu)岭(lǐng)南(nán)地(dì)区(qū)运(yùn)至(zhì)长(cháng)安(ān),但(dàn)苏(sū)轼(shì)曾(céng)分(fēn)析(xī)说(shuō),通(tōng)过(guò)驿(yì)传(chuán)运(yùn)送(sòng)的(de)荔(lì)枝(zhī),可(kě)能(néng)是(shì)从(cóng)涪(fú)陵(líng)经(jīng)子(zǐ)午(wǔ)道(dào)运(yùn)至(zhì)长(cháng)安(ān)的(de),而(ér)不(bù)是(shì)南(nán)海(hǎi)荔(lì)枝(zhī)。若(ruò)此(cǐ)说(shuō)可(kě)信(xìn),运(yùn)送(sòng)荔(lì)枝(zhī)则(zé)是(shì)通(tōng)过(guò)长(cháng)安(ān)连(lián)通(tōng)西(xī)南(nán)的(de)交(jiāo)通(tōng)线(xiàn)完(wán)成(chéng)的(de)。但(dàn)无(wú)论(lùn)事(shì)实(shí)如(rú)何(hé),都(dōu)显(xiǎn)示(shì)出(chū)驿(yì)传(chuán)系(xì)统(tǒng)之(zhī)高(gāo)效(xiào),南(nán)北(běi)交(jiāo)通(tōng)之(zhī)发(fā)达(dá)。通(tōng)西(xī)南(nán)陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)网(wǎng)络(luò)在(zài)北(běi)宋(sòng)又(yòu)获(huò)得(dé)了(le)发(fā)展(zhǎn)。一(yī)直(zhí)以(yǐ)来(lái),中(zhōng)原(yuán)王(wáng)朝(cháo)对(duì)今(jīn)湖(hú)南(nán)西(xī)部(bù)及(jí)相(xiāng)邻(lín)之(zhī)贵(guì)州(zhōu)、广(guǎng)西(xī)之(zhī)控(kòng)制(zhì)都(dōu)比(bǐ)较(jiào)薄(báo)弱(ruò),并(bìng)称(chēng)之(zhī)为(wèi)“蛮(mán)区(qū)”。北(běi)宋(sòng)神(shén)宗(zōng)时(shí)期(qī),派(pài)张(zhāng)惇(dūn)衔(xián)命(mìng)出(chū)使(shǐ),经(jīng)营(yíng)湖(hú)湘(xiāng),除(chú)在(zài)“蛮(mán)”地(dì)置(zhì)州(zhōu)之(zhī)外(wài),便(biàn)是(shì)开(kāi)辟(pì)元(yuán)江(jiāng)中(zhōng)上(shàng)游(yóu)沅(yuán)州(zhōu)和(hé)诚(chéng)州(zhōu)连(lián)通(tōng)辰(chén)州(zhōu)和(hé)邵(shào)州(zhōu)的(de)道(dào)路(lù)。后(hòu)又(yòu)有(yǒu)官(guān)员(yuán)进(jìn)一(yī)步(bù)打(dǎ)通(tōng)荆(jīng)湖(hú)西(xī)部(bù)连(lián)通(tōng)广(guǎng)西(xī)北(běi)部(bù)的(de)“融(róng)诚(chéng)通(tōng)道(dào)”。此(cǐ)路(lù)开(kāi)通(tōng)后(hòu),发(fā)生(shēng)了(le)一(yī)次(cì)很(hěn)有(yǒu)意(yì)思(sī)的(de)大(dà)理(lǐ)国(guó)使(shǐ)入(rù)贡(gòng)事(shì)件(jiàn)。宋(sòng)徽(huī)宗(zōng)政(zhèng)和(hé)六(liù)年(nián)((()1(1)1(1)1(1)6(6)年(nián))()),有(yǒu)大(dà)理(lǐ)国(guó)使(shǐ)入(rù)宋(sòng),宋(sòng)廷(tíng)却(què)改(gǎi)变(biàn)以(yǐ)前(qián)经(jīng)四(sì)川(chuān)而(ér)来(lái)的(de)做(zuò)法(fǎ),令(lìng)其(qí)经(jīng)广(guǎng)西(xī)入(rù)宋(sòng)。这(zhè)自(zì)然(rán)是(shì)北(běi)宋(sòng)长(cháng)期(qī)经(jīng)营(yíng)广(guǎng)西(xī),使(shǐ)其(qí)交(jiāo)通(tōng)条(tiáo)件(jiàn)足(zú)备(bèi)所(suǒ)成(chéng),但(dàn)若(ruò)考(kǎo)虑(lǜ)大(dà)理(lǐ)贡(gòng)使(shǐ)入(rù)宋(sòng)的(de)具(jù)体(tǐ)情(qíng)况(kuàng),当(dāng)亦(yì)可(kě)看(kàn)出(chū)宋(sòng)徽(huī)宗(zōng)的(de)特(tè)别(bié)用(yòng)意(yì)。从(cóng)大(dà)理(lǐ)贡(gòng)使(shǐ)入(rù)宋(sòng)的(de)时(shí)间(jiān)上(shàng)来(lái)看(kàn),处(chù)于(yú)宋(sòng)徽(huī)宗(zōng)经(jīng)略(lüè)远(yuǎn)方(fāng)、开(kāi)疆(jiāng)扩(kuò)土(tǔ)的(de)大(dà)背(bèi)景(jǐng)中(zhōng),而(ér)且(qiě)是(shì)沅(yuán)江(jiāng)上(shàng)游(yóu)“融(róng)诚(chéng)通(tōng)道(dào)”再(zài)次(cì)打(dǎ)通(tōng)之(zhī)后(hòu),怀(huái)来(lái)远(yuǎn)国(guó)正(zhèng)是(shì)其(qí)政(zhèng)治(zhì)需(xū)求(qiú)。又(yòu),从(cóng)大(dà)理(lǐ)国(guó)贡(gòng)使(shǐ)入(rù)宋(sòng)路(lù)线(xiàn)看(kàn),其(qí)经(jīng)邕(yōng)州(zhōu)、宾(bīn)州(zhōu)后(hòu),却(què)道(dào)出(chū)荆(jīng)湖(hú)南(nán),计(jì)划(huà)由(yóu)邵(shào)州(zhōu)新(xīn)化(huà)县(xiàn)至(zhì)鼎(dǐng)州(zhōu),而(ér)不(bù)是(shì)经(jīng)历(lì)来(lái)自(zì)广(guǎng)西(xī)入(rù)湖(hú)南(nán)的(de)桂(guì)州(zhōu)((()治(zhì)临(lín)桂(guì),今(jīn)广(guǎng)西(xī)桂(guì)林(lín)市(shì))())、衡(héng)州(zhōu)((()治(zhì)衡(héng)阳(yáng),今(jīn)湖(hú)南(nán)衡(héng)阳(yáng)市(shì))())一(yī)线(xiàn)。邵(shào)州(zhōu)新(xīn)化(huà)县(xiàn)至(zhì)鼎(dǐng)州(zhōu)一(yī)线(xiàn),正(zhèng)是(shì)北(běi)宋(sòng)章(zhāng)惇(dūn)经(jīng)营(yíng)梅(méi)山(shān)和(hé)南(nán)北(běi)江(jiāng)时(shí)开(kāi)辟(pì)的(de)路(lù)线(xiàn)。而(ér)从(cóng)地(dì)理(lǐ)上(shàng)看(kàn),从(cóng)广(guǎng)西(xī)至(zhì)邵(shào)州(zhōu)新(xīn)化(huà)县(xiàn),则(zé)最(zuì)有(yǒu)可(kě)能(néng)走(zǒu)“融(róng)诚(chéng)通(tōng)道(dào)”,至(zhì)诚(chéng)州(zhōu)后(hòu)再(zài)向(xiàng)东(dōng)至(zhì)邵(shào)州(zhōu)境(jìng),而(ér)此(cǐ)路(lù)途(tú)亦(yì)正(zhèng)是(shì)崇(chóng)宁(níng)时(shí)重(zhòng)新(xīn)打(dǎ)通(tōng)的(de)“蛮(mán)区(qū)”道(dào)路(lù)。宋(sòng)廷(tíng)不(bù)让(ràng)大(dà)理(lǐ)贡(gòng)使(shǐ)走(zǒu)桂(guì)州(zhōu)、衡(héng)州(zhōu)一(yī)线(xiàn),而(ér)经(jīng)行(xíng)北(běi)宋(sòng)后(hòu)期(qī)新(xīn)开(kāi)辟(pì)之(zhī)“蛮(mán)区(qū)”,且(qiě)“令(lìng)监(jiān)司(sī)一(yī)人(rén)主(zhǔ)之(zhī)”,又(yòu)在(zài)鼎(dǐng)州(zhōu)令(lìng)大(dà)理(lǐ)贡(gòng)使(shǐ)李(lǐ)紫(zǐ)琼(qióng)等(děng)参(cān)观(guān)学(xué)校(xiào),瞻(zhān)拜(bài)宣(xuān)圣(shèng)((()孔(kǒng)子(zǐ))())像(xiàng)。其(qí)间(jiān)虽(suī)不(bù)无(wú)夸(kuā)示(shì)武(wǔ)威(wēi)和(hé)文(wén)治(zhì)的(de)政(zhèng)治(zhì)意(yì)图(tú),但(dàn)陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)对(duì)于(yú)国(guó)家(jiā)治(zhì)理(lǐ)及(jí)文(wén)化(huà)交(jiāo)流(liú)的(de)作(zuò)用(yòng)亦(yì)得(dé)以(yǐ)充(chōng)分(fēn)显(xiǎn)示(shì)。实(shí)际(jì)上(shàng),历(lì)史(shǐ)上(shàng)每(měi)一(yī)条(tiáo)大(dà)的(de)交(jiāo)通(tōng)线(xiàn)都(dōu)在(zài)文(wén)化(huà)交(jiāo)流(liú)及(jí)维(wéi)持(chí)国(guó)家(jiā)秩(zhì)序(xù)方(fāng)面(miàn)发(fā)挥(huī)着(zhe)重(zhòng)要(yào)作(zuò)用(yòng),除(chú)了(le)上(shàng)述(shù)两(liǎng)条(tiáo)陆(lù)上(shàng)丝(sī)绸(chóu)之(zhī)路(lù)外(wài),在(zài)北(běi)方(fāng)草(cǎo)原(yuán)还(hái)有(yǒu)一(yī)条(tiáo)横(héng)贯(guàn)欧(ōu)亚(yà)大(dà)陆(lù)的(de)东(dōng)西(xī)大(dà)通(tōng)道(dào),因(yīn)沿(yán)途(tú)多(duō)有(yǒu)毛(máo)皮(pí)流(liú)通(tōng),有(yǒu)日(rì)本(běn)学(xué)者(zhě)称(chēng)之(zhī)为(wèi)“皮(pí)毛(máo)路(lù)”。元(yuán)明(míng)清(qīng)时(shí)期(qī)京(jīng)城(chéng)向(xiàng)东(dōng)北(běi)连(lián)通(tōng)朝(cháo)鲜(xiān)半(bàn)岛(dǎo)的(de)陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)线(xiàn),也(yě)格(gé)外(wài)受(shòu)到(dào)学(xué)界(jiè)关(guān)注(zhù)。频(pín)繁(fán)往(wǎng)来(lái)的(de)使(shǐ)节(jié)将(jiāng)其(qí)使(shǐ)华(huá)途(tú)中(zhōng)的(de)见(jiàn)闻(wén)用(yòng)汉(hàn)字(zì)著(zhù)录(lù)成(chéng)文(wén),辑(jí)编(biān)成(chéng)书(shū),在(zài)朝(cháo)韩(hán)的(de)历(lì)史(shǐ)上(shàng)被(bèi)统(tǒng)称(chēng)为(wèi)“燕(yàn)行(xíng)录(lù)”。这(zhè)不(bù)仅(jǐn)是(shì)研(yán)究(jiū)元(yuán)明(míng)清(qīng)时(shí)期(qī)东(dōng)亚(yà)社(shè)会(huì)历(lì)史(shǐ)的(de)珍(zhēn)贵(guì)文(wén)献(xiàn)资(zī)料(liào),亦(yì)是(shì)中(zhōng)国(guó)历(lì)史(shǐ)上(shàng)陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)发(fā)挥(huī)文(wén)化(huà)交(jiāo)流(liú)作(zuò)用(yòng)的(de)历(lì)史(shǐ)见(jiàn)证(zhèng)。当(dāng)代(dài)中(zhōng)国(guó)的(de)交(jiāo)通(tōng)事(shì)业(yè)正(zhèng)在(zài)飞(fēi)速(sù)发(fā)展(zhǎn),仅(jǐn)高(gāo)铁(tiě)里(lǐ)程(chéng)就(jiù)占(zhàn)世(shì)界(jiè)高(gāo)铁(tiě)里(lǐ)程(chéng)的(de)百(bǎi)分(fēn)之(zhī)七(qī)十(shí)以(yǐ)上(shàng)。不(bù)仅(jǐn)如(rú)此(cǐ),输(shū)出(chū)国(guó)外(wài)的(de)相(xiāng)关(guān)技(jì)术(shù)还(hái)帮(bāng)助(zhù)诸(zhū)多(duō)国(guó)家(jiā)实(shí)现(xiàn)了(le)现(xiàn)代(dài)陆(lù)路(lù)交(jiāo)通(tōng)的(de)发(fā)展(zhǎn)。万(wàn)里(lǐ)通(tōng)途(tú)一(yī)日(rì)还(hái),此(cǐ)则(zé)“阡(qiān)陌(mò)交(jiāo)通(tōng)”之(zhī)大(dà)观(guān)也(yě)。《(《)光(guāng)明(míng)日(rì)报(bào)》(》)((()2(2)0(0)2(2)3(3)年(nián)0(0)5(5)月(yuè)3(3)1(1)日(rì)1(1)1(1)版(bǎn))())
城(chéng)市(shì)湿(shī)地(dì)公(gōng)园(yuán)应(yìng)在(zài)不(bù)破(pò)坏(huài)湿(shī)地(dì)自(zì)然(rán)良(liáng)性(xìng)演(yǎn)替(tì)的(de)前(qián)提(tí)下(xià),在(zài)场(chǎng)地(dì)生(shēng)态(tài)敏(mǐn)感(gǎn)性(xìng)相(xiāng)对(duì)较(jiào)低(dī)的(de)区(qū)域(yù),为(wèi)游(yóu)客(kè)提(tí)供(gòng)与(yǔ)湿(shī)地(dì)相(xiāng)关(guān)的(de)科(kē)普(pǔ)、展(zhǎn)示(shì)、体(tǐ)验(yàn)、游(yóu)憩(qì)等(děng)服(fú)务(wù)及(jí)设(shè)施(shī);(;)可(kě)在(zài)生(shēng)态(tài)缓(huǎn)冲(chōng)区(qū)适(shì)当(dāng)设(shè)立(lì)人(rén)行(xíng)及(jí)自(zì)行(xíng)车(chē)游(yóu)线(xiàn),必(bì)要(yào)的(de)停(tíng)留(liú)点(diǎn)及(jí)科(kē)普(pǔ)教(jiào)育(yù)设(shè)施(shī)等(děng);(;)可(kě)在(zài)综(zōng)合(hé)服(fú)务(wù)与(yǔ)管(guǎn)理(lǐ)区(qū)适(shì)当(dāng)安(ān)排(pái)人(rén)行(xíng)、自(zì)行(xíng)车(chē)、环(huán)保(bǎo)型(xíng)水(shuǐ)上(shàng)交(jiāo)通(tōng)等(děng)不(bù)同(tóng)游(yóu)线(xiàn),并(bìng)设(shè)立(lì)相(xiāng)应(yìng)的(de)服(fú)务(wù)设(shè)施(shī)及(jí)停(tíng)留(liú)点(diǎn)。
2 0 2 1 nian 1 0 yue , wo guo yi jing fa she le guo nei shou ke tai yang tan ce ke xue ji shu shi yan wei xing “ xi he hao ” 。 tong wei tan ri wei xing , “ kua fu yi hao ” he “ xi he hao ” you shen me bu tong ?无日韩不卡在线视频...。
第(dì)四(sì),美(měi)方(fāng)出(chū)于(yú)“以(yǐ)台(tái)制(zhì)华(huá)”的(de)战(zhàn)略(lüè),支(zhī)持(chí)和(hé)纵(zòng)容(róng)“台(tái)独(dú)”分(fēn)裂(liè)势(shì)力(lì)在(zài)台(tái)湾(wān)问(wèn)题(tí)上(shàng)不(bù)断(duàn)蓄(xù)意(yì)挑(tiāo)衅(xìn)中(zhōng)国(guó),步(bù)步(bù)紧(jǐn)逼(bī)中(zhōng)方(fāng)红(hóng)线(xiàn)和(hé)底(dǐ)线(xiàn)。美(měi)台(tái)勾(gōu)连(lián)挑(tiāo)衅(xìn)在(zài)先(xiān),中(zhōng)方(fāng)正(zhèng)当(dāng)防(fáng)卫(wèi)在(zài)后(hòu)。面(miàn)对(duì)美(měi)方(fāng)罔(wǎng)顾(gù)中(zhōng)方(fāng)反(fǎn)复(fù)严(yán)正(zhèng)交(jiāo)涉(shè)恣(zì)意(yì)妄(wàng)为(wèi),中(zhōng)方(fāng)采(cǎi)取(qǔ)任(rèn)何(hé)反(fǎn)制(zhì)措(cuò)施(shī)都(dōu)将(jiāng)是(shì)正(zhèng)当(dāng)的(de)和(hé)必(bì)要(yào)的(de)。这(zhè)也(yě)是(shì)任(rèn)何(hé)一(yī)个(gè)独(dú)立(lì)主(zhǔ)权(quán)国(guó)家(jiā)应(yìng)有(yǒu)的(de)权(quán)利(lì)。更(gèng)何(hé)况(kuàng)中(zhōng)国(guó)是(shì)一(yī)个(gè)拥(yōng)有(yǒu)5(5)0(0)0(0)0(0)年(nián)历(lì)史(shǐ)和(hé)1(1)4(4)亿(yì)多(duō)人(rén)口(kǒu)的(de)大(dà)国(guó)。对(duì)此(cǐ),希(xī)望(wàng)美(měi)方(fāng)有(yǒu)十(shí)分(fēn)清(qīng)醒(xǐng)的(de)认(rèn)识(shí)。
高小俊表示,为进一步落实“外防输入、内防反弹”的总要求,推进核酸检测“应检尽检”,近日,北京疫情防控领导小组印发工作方案,明确对八类人员实施行核酸检测。xcode tobu48...。